Up to 60% of current wheat-growing areas in the world could experience simultaneous, prolonged drought by the end of the century unless steps are taken to mitigate climate change, according to a study that appeared online Sept. 25 in Science Advances.

In present-day weather patterns, severe drought simultaneously could affect up to 15% of wheat-growing areas, according to the study, which also listed strategies to reduce the impacts of water shortages on wheat production. The strategies included shifting the wheat growing season, implementing full or partial irrigation, increasing the efficiency of water use, and using wheat varieties with enhanced drought and heat tolerance.

Wheat, the world’s largest rain-fed crop in terms of harvested area, supplies about 20% of all calories that people consume. A sustained annual yield increase of 2.4%, which compares to the current rate of 0.9%, is needed to meet the projected increase in global food demand, according to the study.

Wheat producers, according to the study, will have to cope with warmer temperatures that will accelerate crop development and lead to earlier maturity, which creates higher water demand per day. The study found a close relationship historically between the total area affected by severe drought worldwide and food prices.

“If only one country or region sees a drought, there is less impact, but if multiple regions are affected simultaneously, it can affect global production and food prices and lead to food insecurity,” said Song Feng,  associate professor of geosciences at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville and one of the study’s authors.

Miroslav Trnka, PhD, a professor at the Global Change Research Institute in the Czech Republic, was another author.

Global warming is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of severe water scarcity events, according to the study. The study’s projections show climate change stabilization in line with the Paris Agreement substantially would reduce the negative effects of climate change, but the effects still could double between 2041 and 2070.

The researchers developed a method to quantify severe water scarcity over the world’s wheat-growing areas and to calculate the probabilities of multiple/sequential severe water scarcity events for baseline and future climates. The increase in the average area affected by severe water scarcity per decade was 0.4 percentage point between 1911 and 2000. The rate per decade increased to 2.9 percentage points between 2011 and 2016, which coincided with a global increase in wheat prices.

Ten wheat-producing regions account for 54% of the global wheat-growing area, 57% of the global wheat production and more than 92% of global wheat exports. The top 10 exporting regions are the European Union, Russia, Canada, the United States, Ukraine, Australia, Kazakhstan, Argentina, Turkey and Brazil.

Severe water scarcity by the middle of this century likely is to occur in an almost continuous belt from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to Anatolia and Pakistan in the east, according to the study. Significant increases in severe water scarcity is likely to affect southeastern Ukraine, southern regions of Russia, western parts of the United States and Mexico, southwestern Australia and South Africa. Wheat-growing areas in South America will be affected marginally.

The study examined strategies to reduce the impacts of water shortages.

Shifting the harvest date to earlier or later in the season may reduce yield losses, but it could have a limited scope on regions that have the highest risk of increasing water scarcity within the wheat season.

Using drought- and heat-adapted wheat varieties is an option. This approach should exploit not only genetic variation that provides productivity gains but also quality traits. Dwindling water resources in some regions cast doubt on how irrigation, another option, will increase wheat yield on a global scale without “massive” investment programs.

Managing soil in a way that builds up soil water for the next crop should be considered. Water may be conserved by minimizing tillage and reducing non-productive water loss, with evaporation being an example, from the unshaded soil surface. Covering the soil surface with a mulch of plant residues reduces water loss caused by evaporation.

The complete study can be found at: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/9/eaau2406.

Australian wheat industry at the forefront of climate change

While the study published in Science Advances focused on the future impact on global wheat production due to climate change, for the Australian wheat industry the future is now.

Recent modeling by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) suggests that changes in climate have reduced potential Australian wheat yields by around 27% since 1990.

While rising temperatures have caused global wheat yields to drop by around 5.5% between 1980 and 2008, the impact in Australia has been larger as a result of major changes in rain patterns. A 2017 study by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) found that declines in winter rainfall in southern Australia have particularly hit major broadacre crops such as wheat, barley and canola in the key southeastern and southwestern cropping zones, with strong evidence linking these changes at least partly to climate change.

Although Australia only produces 4% of the world’s wheat, it accounts for roughly 10% of exports and is thus important in determining global supply and price. In recent months, Indonesians have complained about noodle quality as the country’s millers have been forced to buy more wheat from the Black Sea region and less from its regular supplier, Australia, which saw its 2018-19 crop ravaged by drought.

In fact, because of the lengthy drought, wheat production from the last three marketing years (including a projection for 2019-20) has been between 17 million and 20 million tonnes, far below its typical output of around 25 million tonnes.

Viewing climate change in Australia as a long-term issue that could get worse before it gets better, GrainCorp, the country’s largest agribusiness, recently secured a 10-year deal with a global insurer aimed at cushioning it against poor harvests like the drought-affected result of the past year. GrainCorp struck a deal with Aon subsidiary White Rock Insurance for a series of guaranteed production payments that it said would smooth the volatility of east coast grain harvests, particularly during droughts.

Under the deal, which will take effect in the next financial year, GrainCorp will pay an annual premium of less than $10 million to guarantee payments in bad years. The contract effectively sets a floor on the harvest with GrainCorp receiving a fixed payment of $15 per tonne based on the gap between the size of the actual harvest and the agreed minimum of 15.3 million tonnes. In a year where the harvest was 13.3 million tonnes, as measured by the federal government’s agricultural economics data, GrainCorp would receive a payment of $30 million.